@prefix : <https://w3id.org/narn/action/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@base <https://w3id.org/narn/action/> .

<https://w3id.org/narn/action/> rdf:type owl:Ontology ;
                                 owl:imports <https://w3id.org/narn/event/> ,
                                             <https://w3id.org/narn/location/> ;
                                 rdfs:comment "An ontology for describing actions in story plots."@en ;
                                 rdfs:label "Actions Ontology"@en ;
                                 <https://purl.org/dc/terms/created> "2026-03-11"^^xsd:date ;
                                 <https://purl.org/dc/terms/creator> <https://w3id.org/people/erdemonal/me> ;
                                 <https://purl.org/dc/terms/modified> "2026-03-19"^^xsd:date ;
                                 <https://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespacePrefix> "act" ;
                                 <https://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespaceUri> "https://w3id.org/narn/action/" .

#################################################################
#    Object Properties
#################################################################

###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/causesByAction
:causesByAction rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
                owl:propertyChainAxiom ( [ owl:inverseOf :performedBy
                                         ]
                                         :hasResult
                                       ) ;
                rdfs:comment "If an agent performs an action with a result, the agent indirectly causes that result."@en ;
                rdfs:label "causes by action"@en ;
                <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "brings about"@en ;
                <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Turambar causes the death of Glaurung by performing the slaying."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/hasInstrument
:hasInstrument rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
               rdfs:subPropertyOf <https://w3id.org/narn/event/hasCause> ;
               rdf:type owl:IrreflexiveProperty ;
               rdfs:domain :Action ;
               owl:propertyDisjointWith :hasTarget ,
                                        :performedBy ;
               rdfs:comment "An object used to perform the action (e.g. a sword)."@en ;
               rdfs:label "has instrument"@en ;
               <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "using"@en ;
               <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "The Slaying of Glaurung has instrument Gurthang."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/hasIntention
:hasIntention rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ,
                       owl:FunctionalProperty ,
                       owl:IrreflexiveProperty ;
              rdfs:domain :Action ;
              rdfs:comment "The goal or purpose behind the action."@en ;
              rdfs:label "has intention"@en ;
              <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "aims to"@en ;
              <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Túrin's flight from Doriath has the intention of escaping judgement."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/hasRecipient
:hasRecipient rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
              rdfs:subPropertyOf <https://w3id.org/narn/event/hasParticipant> ;
              rdf:type owl:IrreflexiveProperty ;
              rdfs:domain :TransferAction ;
              owl:propertyDisjointWith :performedBy ;
              rdfs:comment "The character who receives something in a transfer action."@en ;
              rdfs:label "has recipient"@en ;
              <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "received by"@en ;
              <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Beleg's gift of Anglachel has recipient Túrin."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/hasResult
:hasResult rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
           rdfs:subPropertyOf <https://w3id.org/narn/event/causes> ;
           rdfs:domain :Action ;
           rdfs:range <https://w3id.org/narn/event/Event> ;
           rdfs:comment "The event or state that results from the action."@en ;
           rdfs:label "has result"@en ;
           <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "results in"@en ;
           <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Brandir's speech results in the truth about Níniel being revealed."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/hasTarget
:hasTarget rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
           rdfs:subPropertyOf <https://w3id.org/narn/event/hasPatient> ;
           rdf:type owl:AsymmetricProperty ,
                    owl:IrreflexiveProperty ;
           rdfs:domain :Action ;
           rdfs:comment "The entity that the action is directed towards."@en ;
           rdfs:label "has target"@en ;
           <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "directed at"@en ;
           <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "The Slaying of Glaurung has target Glaurung."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/performedBy
:performedBy rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
             rdfs:subPropertyOf <https://w3id.org/narn/event/hasAgent> ;
             rdfs:domain :Action ;
             rdfs:comment "The agent who intentionally performs the action."@en ;
             rdfs:label "performed by"@en ;
             <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "done by"@en ;
             <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "The Slaying of Glaurung was performed by Turambar."@en .


#################################################################
#    Classes
#################################################################

###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Action
:Action rdf:type owl:Class ;
        rdfs:subClassOf <https://w3id.org/narn/event/Event> ,
                        [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                          owl:onProperty :performedBy ;
                          owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing
                        ] ;
        rdfs:comment "An intentional deed. Every action has at least one performer."@en ;
        rdfs:label "action"@en ;
        <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "deed"@en ;
        <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Túrin killing Saeros is an action performed by Túrin."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Attack
:Attack rdf:type owl:Class ;
        rdfs:subClassOf :ViolentAction ,
                        [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                          owl:onProperty :hasTarget ;
                          owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing
                        ] ;
        owl:disjointWith :Defend ;
        rdfs:comment "An aggressive action aimed at harming a target."@en ;
        rdfs:label "attack"@en ;
        <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "assault"@en ;
        <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Túrin attacks the Orcs at Amon Rûdh using Anglachel."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Build
:Build rdf:type owl:Class ;
       owl:equivalentClass [ owl:intersectionOf ( :CreationAction
                                                  [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                                                    owl:onProperty <https://w3id.org/narn/event/creates> ;
                                                    owl:someValuesFrom <https://w3id.org/narn/location/Place>
                                                  ]
                                                ) ;
                             rdf:type owl:Class
                           ] ;
       rdfs:subClassOf :CreationAction ;
       owl:disjointWith :Forge ;
       rdfs:comment "The action of constructing a structure or settlement."@en ;
       rdfs:label "build"@en ;
       <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "construction"@en ;
       <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "The Elves built the hidden city of Gondolin in Tumladen."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Command
:Command rdf:type owl:Class ;
         rdfs:subClassOf :CommunicativeAction ,
                         [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                           owl:onProperty :hasTarget ;
                           owl:minCardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger
                         ] ;
         rdfs:comment "The action of giving an authoritative order."@en ;
         rdfs:label "command"@en ;
         <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "order"@en ;
         <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Morgoth orders his servants to attack Nargothrond."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/CommunicativeAction
:CommunicativeAction rdf:type owl:Class ;
                     rdfs:subClassOf :Action ,
                                     [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                                       owl:onProperty :hasTarget ;
                                       owl:allValuesFrom [ rdf:type owl:Class ;
                                                           owl:complementOf <https://w3id.org/narn/location/Place>
                                                         ]
                                     ] ;
                     owl:disjointWith :MovementAction ,
                                      :TransferAction ,
                                      :ViolentAction ;
                     rdfs:comment "An action involving communication between characters."@en ;
                     rdfs:label "communicative action"@en ;
                     <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "speech act"@en ;
                     <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Turambar speaks to Túrin about his journey."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/CreationAction
:CreationAction rdf:type owl:Class ;
                rdfs:subClassOf :Action ,
                                [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                                  owl:onProperty <https://w3id.org/narn/event/creates> ;
                                  owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing
                                ] ;
                owl:disjointWith :TransferAction ;
                rdfs:comment "An action that produces or transforms something."@en ;
                rdfs:label "creation action"@en ;
                <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "making"@en ;
                <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "The smiths of Nargothrond reforge Anglachel into Gurthang."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Deceive
:Deceive rdf:type owl:Class ;
         owl:equivalentClass [ owl:intersectionOf ( :CommunicativeAction
                                                    [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                                                      owl:onProperty :hasIntention ;
                                                      owl:someValuesFrom :MisleadingIntention
                                                    ]
                                                  ) ;
                               rdf:type owl:Class
                             ] ;
         rdfs:subClassOf :CommunicativeAction ;
         rdfs:comment "The action of intentionally misleading another character."@en ;
         rdfs:label "deceive"@en ;
         <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "deception"@en ;
         <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Glaurung deceives and hypnotises Níniel at Nargothrond."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Defend
:Defend rdf:type owl:Class ;
        rdfs:subClassOf :ViolentAction ,
                        [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                          owl:onProperty :hasTarget ;
                          owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing
                        ] ;
        rdfs:comment "An action of protecting oneself or others from attack."@en ;
        rdfs:label "defend"@en ;
        <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "defence"@en ;
        <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Beleg defends Túrin's camp from Orc raids."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Escape
:Escape rdf:type owl:Class ;
        rdfs:comment "The intention of getting away from danger."@en ;
        rdfs:label "escape"@en ;
        <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "evasion"@en ;
        <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Túrin's intention when fleeing Doriath is escape from judgement."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Flee
:Flee rdf:type owl:Class ;
      owl:equivalentClass [ owl:intersectionOf ( :MovementAction
                                                 [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                                                   owl:onProperty :hasIntention ;
                                                   owl:someValuesFrom :Escape
                                                 ]
                                               ) ;
                            rdf:type owl:Class
                          ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf :MovementAction ;
      rdfs:comment "The action of running away from danger or pursuit."@en ;
      rdfs:label "flee"@en ;
      <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "flight"@en ;
      <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Túrin flees Doriath after killing Saeros."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Forge
:Forge rdf:type owl:Class ;
       rdfs:subClassOf :CreationAction ,
                       [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                         owl:onProperty <https://w3id.org/narn/event/creates> ;
                         owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing
                       ] ;
       rdfs:comment "The action of creating or reshaping an object, especially a weapon."@en ;
       rdfs:label "forge"@en ;
       <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "smithing"@en ;
       <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "The reforging of Anglachel into Gurthang in Nargothrond."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Give
:Give rdf:type owl:Class ;
      rdfs:subClassOf :TransferAction ,
                      [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                        owl:onProperty :hasRecipient ;
                        owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing
                      ] ,
                      [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                        owl:onProperty :hasInstrument ;
                        owl:minCardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger
                      ] ;
      owl:disjointWith :Take ;
      rdfs:comment "The action of voluntarily transferring something to another."@en ;
      rdfs:label "give"@en ;
      <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "bestowal"@en ;
      <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Beleg gives Anglachel to Túrin to rescue him."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/GoTo
:GoTo rdf:type owl:Class ;
      rdfs:subClassOf :MovementAction ,
                      [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                        owl:onProperty :hasTarget ;
                        owl:allValuesFrom <https://w3id.org/narn/location/Place>
                      ] ;
      rdfs:comment "The action of deliberately travelling to a destination."@en ;
      rdfs:label "go to"@en ;
      <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "travel to"@en ;
      <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Túrin goes to Nargothrond seeking refuge."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Kill
:Kill rdf:type owl:Class ;
      owl:equivalentClass [ owl:intersectionOf ( :ViolentAction
                                                 [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                                                   owl:onProperty :hasResult ;
                                                   owl:someValuesFrom <https://w3id.org/narn/event/Death>
                                                 ]
                                                 [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                                                   owl:onProperty :hasTarget ;
                                                   owl:cardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger
                                                 ]
                                               ) ;
                            rdf:type owl:Class
                          ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf :ViolentAction ,
                      [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                        owl:onProperty :hasResult ;
                        owl:allValuesFrom <https://w3id.org/narn/event/Death>
                      ] ;
      rdfs:comment "The action of causing the death of another."@en ;
      rdfs:label "kill"@en ;
      <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "slaying"@en ;
      <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Túrin kills Saeros in Doriath."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/MisleadingIntention
:MisleadingIntention rdf:type owl:Class ;
                     rdfs:comment "The intention of making another believe something false."@en ;
                     rdfs:label "misleading intention"@en ;
                     <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "intent to deceive"@en ;
                     <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Glaurung's intention when hypnotising Níniel is to mislead her about her identity."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/MovementAction
:MovementAction rdf:type owl:Class ;
                rdfs:subClassOf :Action ,
                                <https://w3id.org/narn/event/MovementEvent> ;
                owl:disjointWith :ViolentAction ;
                rdfs:comment "An action involving deliberate physical movement."@en ;
                rdfs:label "movement action"@en ;
                <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "locomotion"@en ;
                <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Túrin travels to Nargothrond after the death of Beleg."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Reveal
:Reveal rdf:type owl:Class ;
        owl:equivalentClass [ owl:intersectionOf ( :CommunicativeAction
                                                   [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                                                     owl:onProperty :hasResult ;
                                                     owl:someValuesFrom <https://w3id.org/narn/event/Discovery>
                                                   ]
                                                 ) ;
                              rdf:type owl:Class
                            ] ;
        rdfs:subClassOf :CommunicativeAction ;
        rdfs:comment "The action of disclosing previously hidden information."@en ;
        rdfs:label "reveal"@en ;
        <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "disclosure"@en ;
        <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "The truth about Níniel is revealed after the slaying of Glaurung."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Speak
:Speak rdf:type owl:Class ;
       rdfs:subClassOf :CommunicativeAction ;
       rdfs:comment "The action of verbal communication."@en ;
       rdfs:label "speak"@en ;
       <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "utterance"@en ;
       <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Brandir speaks the truth to Turambar about Níniel's identity."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/Take
:Take rdf:type owl:Class ;
      rdfs:subClassOf :TransferAction ,
                      [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                        owl:onProperty :hasTarget ;
                        owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing
                      ] ;
      rdfs:comment "The action of acquiring something, possibly by force."@en ;
      rdfs:label "take"@en ;
      <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "seizure"@en ;
      <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Morgoth takes Húrin captive after the Nirnaeth Arnoediad."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/TransferAction
:TransferAction rdf:type owl:Class ;
                rdfs:subClassOf :Action ;
                rdfs:comment "An action involving the transfer of possession."@en ;
                rdfs:label "transfer action"@en ;
                <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "transfer"@en ;
                <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "Beleg brings Anglachel to Túrin."@en .


###  https://w3id.org/narn/action/ViolentAction
:ViolentAction rdf:type owl:Class ;
               rdfs:subClassOf :Action ;
               rdfs:comment "An action involving physical violence or force."@en ;
               rdfs:label "violent action"@en ;
               <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "violent deed"@en ;
               <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example> "The Slaying of Glaurung is a violent action performed by Turambar."@en .


###  Generated by the OWL API (version 5.1.18) https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi/